The development of
pressurized headboxes made modem high-speed paper machines
possible. Later advances in pressurized nozzle design led to
improved quality control.
CTMP/TMP, chemical thermomechanical pulping, was commercialized
to increase capacity and reduce costs.
Layered headboxes made production of multilayer tissue products
possible with the use of lower cost fiber furnished.
The first ozone bleaching patent was issued in Sweden. The
paper strength problems associated with this bleaching technology
would for years remain unresolved.
Displacement or dynamic bleaching introduced the ability to
do three or four stage bleaching in a single unit which saved
floor space and reduced capital costs. In spite of the excessive
chemical consumption, these processes offered a unique and
commercially viable alternative to standard bleaching systems.
A U.S. patent was assigned to A. J. Morak for his research
on methods of treating paper with isocyanates blocked with
cyclohexanol.
J.A. Van den Akker reported on IPC research conducted on the
structure and tensile characteristics of paper.
Marilyn Kinsey, the first woman to receive a degree from IPC,
was awarded a Master of Science Degree.
For the past 30 years, the IPC Aquatic Biology Group has conducted
field measurements and laboratory investigations on the quality
of waters receiving wastes from pulp and paper mills. Research
was started at IPC on the relative permanence of today's
papers in book publishing, sponsored by the Printing?Writing
Paper Division of the American Paper Institute.
The development and commercialization of personal computers
created an enormous demand for pin?fed bond papers.
The U.S. economic recession had a significant impact on the
pulp and paper industry.
IPC mobilized its entire chemical research staff to meet deadlines
required by the Corps of Engineers for analysis of effluents
from mill outfalls.
IPC acquired a scanning electron microscope.
According to a survey conducted by William S. McClenahan,
Director of Information Services at IPC, consumption of paper
stock by U.S. mills in 1969 was shown to be approximately 12,000,000
tons.
Widespread application of twin-wire formers contributed to
increased web speed, uniform finish, and faster water removal.
Due to soaring inflation and a wave of mergers and consolidations,
more than 60 member companies had disappeared from the IPC
ranks; member dues diminished.
IPC, in cooperation with Liberty Engineering and API, developed
a tester to evaluate a length of corrugating medium for its
ability to be fluted without exhibiting fractures. The device
was quickly accepted, and just as rapidly outdated by commercial
corrugating medium that was vastly improved and exceeded the
capabilities of the tester.
New dynamic bioassay facilities were installed at IPC to study
the toxicity in kraft mill wastes and to test for acute toxicity
to fish.
William M. Baird, IPC Ph.D. candidate, received the first
annual award from the Society of Midwest Microscopists for
his work on the effect of dioxane?HCI treatment on warty layered
paper.
IPC received a grant of $100,000 from the Environmental Protection
Agency for the study of mill effluents.
IPC analyzed more than 30,000 effluent samples containing
mercury and PCBs from 91 pulp and paper mills representing
44 companies.
Experimental headboxes donated to IPC were used to study paperweb
forming and to evaluate furnishes and additives. High-speed
drainage apparatus was installed to study the hydrodynamic
behavior of table rolls, foils, and other stationary elements.
A recycling conference held to discuss updates on recycling
in the paper industry was attended by representatives from
the media, environmental and conservation groups, legislators,
students, and the industry.
The Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission funded a pilot plant
for the treatment of effluents using an experimental filter
to treat industrial wastes.
Twenty-seven conservators and restorators attended a five-day
museum seminar to learn more about works of paper. The conference
was sponsored by IPC, the Institute for Conservation of Historic
Artistic Works, and by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution.
Three IPC faculty members received the Outstanding Educators
of America award for 1972.
Quartz-tube infrared driers were installed on the web offset
press in the Graphic Arts Laboratories to study the tendency
of coated paper to blister during ink drying.
IPC received a $40,000 research grant from the EPA to study
sulfite mill evaporator condensates.
Consortia gave IPC a $60,000 research grant to study oxygen
peroxide bleaching processes.
IPC developed paper testing equipment, including line-type
clamps for improved gripping of flat specimens, zero-span
jaws, and an apparatus for measuring in-plane tearing strength.
A thousand hybrid aspen trees developed by IPC's forest genetics
program survived their first outdoor growing season, with
severe winds and temperatures ranging from 40 below zero
to 70 degrees above zero.
IPC opened a pilot plant facility to identify a cost?effective
method to dispose of evaporator condensates in a nonpolluting
manner. The U.S. Air Force established a new contract with
IPC to develop manufacturing procedures for low ash filter
papers.
IPC's combination of energy dispersive x-ray analyzer and scanning
electron microscope made it possible to analyze materials
that could not normally be accommodated for viewing on the
microscope's screen.
U.S. industries were hampered by the oil crisis. The paper
industry increased focus on industry conservation. Within a
decade, the paper industry had cut use of petroleum by 40%
and had substantially increased the cogeneration of electric
energy by burning byproducts. These efforts involve massive
retrofitting of boilers and furnaces and involved investments
of many millions of dollars.
K. HardeckeT and J. Brezinski publish results of IPC conducted
research on individual fiber properties of commercial pulps.
The first International Technical Conference on Corrugated
Cases was held in the Continuing Education Center at IPC.
A U.S. patent was assigned to R.B. Kesler for his research
on the method and apparatus for the analysis of fluid suspensions.
A U.S. patent was assigned to R.C. McKee for his research on
the apparatus and method for testing the runnability of corrugating
medium.
Harry Posner, Jr., was named fourth president of IPC and served
until 1986.
Fiscal insolvency of IPC was averted through the generosity
of several member companies who provided several hundred thousand
dollars of emergency relief. The Membership Reserve Fund was
replaced by a new plan which pooled member company dues to
support cooperative research in areas that benefit the entire
industry.
A Research Advisory Committee (RAC) composed of IPC member
company representatives was commissioned to assist in the selection
and execution of research projects.
A U.S. patent was assigned to N.S. Thompson, Nicholls, and
Shu-Tang Han for their research on an apparatus and method
for testing the runnability of corrugating medium.
Genetic improvements in trees and intensive silvi?culture were
recognized as major contributors to industry productivity
and profitability. Breeding and management programs were
intensified across the nation; fusiform rust resistance strains
of southern pine were developed and planted.
A U.S. patent was assigned to F.P. Lodzinski and L.R. Dearth
for their research on a paper machine optical monitoring
device that featured an integral standardizing optical window.
The first reported use of anthraquinone as a unique pulping
catalyst to speed up delignification and increase pulp yields.
Anthraquinone's increased use in pulping systems helped alleviate
process bottlenecks and promoted lower levels of sulfur release
into the environment. D. Dimmel of IPC demonstrates AQ works
by movel electrontransfer mechanism.
Cold corrugating was introduced using cold or room temperature
corrugating rolls that bonded the formed flutes to a similarly
cold liner. This process created a substantial reduction in
energy costs and led to the development of a cold starch adhesive
with a short setup time.
A U.S. patent was assigned to F.P. Lodzinski for his research
on optical property measurement and control systems.
IPC's development of the cold corrugating adhesive led to the
construction of an apparatus, the double-backer simulator,
designed and built to evaluate adhesive formulations. This
simulator evaluated adhesives for green and final bond strength
formation at simulated high double-backer speeds.
A U.S. patent was assigned to D.C. Johnson and M.D. Nicholson
for their research on a solvent system for polysaccharides.
G. Baum and H. Bornhoeft presented a research paper titled "Estimating
Poison Ratios in Paper Using Ultrasonic Techniques."
A U.S. patent was assigned to L.R. Dearth and F.P. Lodzinski
for their research on an optical property measurement system
and method.
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